ABSTRACT
Pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis) is a native species from Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay and Argentina where it is of great economic importance for artisanal fishing. One difficulty in laboratory research with pejerrey is related to its sensitivity, as it presents higher basal cortisol levels than other freshwater species. For this reason, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of benzocaine and clove oil as anesthetics for pejerrey fingerlings. Two experiments were done where fingerlings (57±7.8mm and 1.1±0.44g) were exposed to benzocaine with concentrations between 40mgL-1 and 120mgL-1 and to clove oil with concentrations between 12mgL-1 and 75mgL-1. Survival, anesthesia induction time and recovery time for each pharmaceutics were evaluated. Both benzocaine and clove oil pharmaceutics showed efficiency as anesthetics for pejerrey fingerlings, with negative correlation between the dose of anesthetics and the anesthesia induction time. For benzocaine, the concentrations between 80mgL-1 and 100mgL-1 showed better results, as for clove oil the optimal concentrations were between 25mgL-1 and 50mgL-1. On the other hand, the anesthesia recovery time did not present significant variation on the different concentrations of the tested products. The tested products are highly metabolizable by pejerrey.
O peixe-rei (Odontesthes bonariensis) é uma espécie nativa do Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguai e Argentina, onde tem grande importância econômica para a pesca artesanal. Uma dificuldade da pesquisa em laboratório com peixe-rei está relacionada à sua sensibilidade, pois apresenta níveis basais de cortisol mais elevados que outras espécies de água doce. Este trabalho avaliou a eficiência da benzocaína e do óleo de cravo como anestésicos para alevinos de peixe-rei. Foram realizados dois experimentos em que alevinos (57±7,08mm e 1,1±0,44g) foram expostos à concentração entre 40mg-1 e 120mgL-1 de benzocaína e entre 12mgL-1 e 75mgL-1 de óleo de cravo. Avaliaram-se a sobrevivência, o tempo de anestesia e o tempo de recuperação para cada um dos fármacos. Ambos os fármacos, benzocaína e óleo de cravo, mostraram eficiência para anestesiar peixe-rei, com correlação negativa entre a dose e o tempo de indução de anestesia. Para benzocaína, concentrações entre 80mgL-1 e 100mgL-1 mostraram melhor resultado, enquanto para óleo de cravo as melhores concentrações ficaram entre 25mgL-1 e 50mgL-1. Por outro lado, o tempo de recuperação do estado de anestesia não apresentou variação significativa nas diferentes concentrações testadas. O peixe-rei tem elevada capacidade de metabolização dos produtos testados.
Subject(s)
Animals , Benzocaine/analysis , Benzocaine/adverse effects , Clove Oil/administration & dosage , Clove Oil/analysis , Clove Oil/chemistry , Fishes/abnormalities , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Anesthesia , Anesthesia/veterinaryABSTRACT
Clove essential oil, used as an antiseptic in oral infections, inhibits Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as yeast. The influence of clove essential oil concentration, temperature and organic matter, in the antimicrobial activity of clove essential oil, was studied in this paper, through the determination of bacterial death kinetics. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the microorganisms selected for a biological test. To determine the temperature effect, they were assayed at 21° and 37° C. The concentration coefficient was determined with 0.4%, and 0.2% of essential oil. The influence of the presence of organic matter was determined with 0.4% of essential oil. The results obtained demonstrated that Escherichia coli were more sensitive even though the essential oil exerted a satisfactory action in three cases. In the three microbial species, 0.4% of essential oil at 21º C have reduced the bacterial population in 5 logarithmic orders. Organic matter reduces the antibacterial activity even though the bactericide efficacy was not lost. Clove essential oil can be considered as a potential antimicrobial agent for external use.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents, Local/analysis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Biological Assay/methods , Clove Oil/analysis , 60734/analysis , MethodsABSTRACT
Antifungal properties of some essential oils have been well documented. Clove oil is reported to have strong antifungal activity against many fungal species. In this study we have evaluated antifungal potential of essential oil of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) against some common fungal pathogens of plants and animals namely, Fusarium moniliforme NCIM 1100, Fusarium oxysporum MTCC 284, Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum gypseum. All fungal species were found to be inhibited by the oil when tested through agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for all the species. Column chromatography was performed to separate the eugenol rich fraction from clove oil. Out of seven fractions maximum activity was obtained in column fraction II. TLC and HPLC data confirmed presence of considerable Eugenol in fraction II and clove oil. Microscopic study on effect of clove oil and column fraction II on spores of Mucor sp. and M. gypseum showed distortion and shrinkage while it was absent in other column fractions. So it can be concluded that the antifungal action of clove oil is due to its high eugenol content.